Internet voting has been used in Estonian elections for over 20 years, becoming gradually the most widely used voting channel. Recently (2024), some important modifications were introduced in the main law adressing internet voting, the Riigikogu Election Act (REA). The legal framework is examined by a recent OSCE/ODIHR opinion, published on 17 June 2025. While acknowledging achievements, the opinion focuses on the need to garner broad political and public support when determining how constitutional principles should be balanced in the context of internet voting and when defining the corresponding legal requirements.
The Opinion acknowledges that, like other voting channels, internet voting cannot fully and simultaneously satisfy all applicable electoral principles. Furthermore, it acknowledges that no country has implemented all recommendations, such as those put forward by the CoE, in their legal regulation of internet voting. It also notes that other OSCE participating States use internet voting in a more limited manner. ODIHR considers that inclusive, transparent, and in-depth discussions—leading to a consensual definition of the relevant legal and technical standards—are essential for fostering shared understanding and ultimately acceptance for this channel.
The opinion can be found on ODIHR Legal Reviews page.
